The current world order is characterized by the exploitation of its Essay

The current world order is characterized by the exploitation of its workers - Essay Example The current world order is characterized by the exploitation of its workers A sizeable number of people are of the opinion that capitalism is the best model for society. Karl Marx was one of these individuals who opposed fervently on the consequences of capitalism on society and a country. In his philosophical works, Marx detailed the adverse effects of this economic model. In his sociological theories, Marx defines capitalism as the key factor that divides society into classes (Rupert, 2003, p183). These classes are because of their relationship to the various factors of production available in the country (Hoffman n.d, p235). According to Karl Marx, capitalism thrives on profits derived from the factors of production available. Corporations exploit their laborers’ wages to derive these profits; the corporations cannot be profitable without exploitation of workers (Bacher, 2007, p37). This conclusion by the Marxists is correct in accordance to the labor theory of value. This theory claims that the value of the product is dependent on the amount of labor put into producing the product (Rupert, 2003, p187). The workers create the value of the product. The returns obtained from the sale of the product are divided into profits, wages and cost of raw materials. This division of the returns favors the cost of raw materials and the profits generated by the corporation (Reiff, 2013, p41). The workers’ wages are neglected and do not reflect the actual value of their input into the finished product.

Hamlets Moral Nature Leads to Death Essay Example for Free

Hamlets Moral Nature Leads to Death Essay While rambling on about vengeance, the senseless prince Hamlet utters â€Å"I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge†¦ or about some act that has no relish of salvation in’t; then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damn’d and black† (3. 3. 77-95). This soliloquy is significant as it shows Hamlet’s intentions when he must delay his murder purposes to a specific time frame where Claudius is acting corrupt because then the King’s soul will descend into hell. Moral relativism is also evident when the melancholic prince moans â€Å"To be, or not to be: that is the question; whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer†¦ To die, to sleep;† when contemplating life and death (3. 1. 57-61). This unique proclamation further explains why Hamlet is incapable of murder because he is afraid of what lies after death, particularly hell and purgatory. For these reasons, religion is a main virtue of Hamlet’s moral nature leading his incompetence in seeking retribution on King Claudius. Another unambiguous quality in the Prince’s moral nature that leads to the dispose of Claudius is procrastination. While in the castle, the insane Dane Hamlet sadly proclaims â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, and thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pitch and moment with this regard their currents turn awry, and lose the name of action† (3. 1. 84-88). This declamation clarifies Hamlet is troubled by his  over scrupulous conscience which prevents him from immediately avenging his fathers murder. After finishing conversation with the Captain, the impractical prince Hamlet boldly states â€Å"How all occasions do inform me against me, and spur my dull revenge! What is man†¦O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! † when realizing now is the time for him to act (4. 4. 31-65). Hamlet finally recognizes that he has held out his revenge for too long and must act on it after seeing Fortinbras’ army sacrificing money and men to get back a worthless piece of land just for honour. In due course Hamlet’s procrastination eventually leads to his death in the end. If it is not for the Danish Prince’s moral nature of procrastination, he could have very well avoided death by acting on his deed to his father. Last, the most important moral virtue that the saddened prince portrays is indecisiveness. When deciding whether or not to fulfill his revenge for his deceased father, Hamlet confidently declares now whether it be, bestial oblivion, or some craven scruple, of thinking too precisely on th event a thought which, quarterd , hath but one part wisdom   and ever three parts coward I do not know why yet I live to say this things to do ,sith I have cause , and will and strength , and means  to do. 4. 4. 39-44) This decision further describes that Hamlet is indecisive about when he must carry out retribution for his forbearer. Indecisiveness relates to both religion and procrastination qualities as well. Hamlet pronounces â€Å"I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge†¦ or about some act that has no relish of salvation in’t; then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, and that his soul may be as damn’d and black† when determining when Claudius should be slain and go to hell (3. . 77-95). Not only religious virtues are apparent but also indecisive traits. Indecisiveness is evident while Hamlet needs to decide at what specific point in time to achieve his goal of retaliation. When speaking to himself in the castle, the melancholic prince sighs â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all† (3. 1. 84). Even though procrastination is evident in Hamlet’s speech, indecisiveness can be found as well. Indecisiveness is present in Hamlet’s speech because he is contemplating on his own life and death. For these examples, indecisiveness is in the Danish Prince’s moral nature that affects his ability to seek payback for his father. In conclusion, moral relativism, procrastination and indecisiveness are the three vital virtues that insane Prince carries. These traits prove the reoccurring theme that the need for revenge can consume you. Hamlet’s moral nature is the reason why he is unable to seek vengeance for his father immediately and if the insane Dane had taken action and fulfilled his assassination on Claudius instantly, Prince Hamlet’s fate would have ended better. Works Cited Shakespeare, William Hamlet.

Netspeak :: science

Netspeak An analysis of Internet jargon Approximately 30 million people world-wide use the Internet and online services daily. The Net is growing exponentially in all areas, and a rapidly increasing number of people are finding themselves working and playing on the Internet. The people on the Net are not all rocket scientists and computer programmers; they're graphic designers, teachers, students, artists, musicians, feminists, Rush Limbaugh-fans, and your next door neighbors. What these diverse groups of people have in common is their language. The Net community exists and thrives because of effective written communication, as on the net all you have available to express yourself are typewritten words. If you cannot express yourself well in written language, you either learn more effective ways of communicating, or get lost in the shuffle. "Netspeak" is evolving on a national and international level. The technological vocabulary once used only by computer programmers and elite computer manip ulators called "Hackers," has spread to all users of computer networks. The language is currently spoken by people on the Internet, and is rapidly spilling over into advertising and business. The words "online," "network," and "surf the net" are occuring more and more frequently in our newspapers and on television. If you're like most Americans, you're feeling bombarded by Netspeak. Television advertisers, newspapers, and international businesses have jumped on the "Information Superhighway" bandwagon, making the Net more accessible to large numbers of not-entirely-technically-oriented people. As a result, technological vocabulary is entering into non-technological communication. For example, even the archaic UNIX command "grep," (an acronym meaning Get REpeated Pattern) is becoming more widely accepted as a synonym of "search" in everyday communication. The argument rages as to whether Netspeak is merely slang, or a jargon in and of itself. The language is emerging based loosely up on telecommunications vocabulary and computer jargons, with new derivations and compounds of existing words, and shifts creating different usages; all of which depending quite heavily upon clippings. Because of these reasons, the majority of Net-using linguists classify Netspeak as a dynamic jargon in and of itself, rather than as a collection of slang. Linguistically, the most interesting feature of Netspeak is its morphology. Acronyms and abbreviations make up a large part of Net jargon. FAQ (Frequently Asked Question), MUD (Multi-User-Dungeon), and URL (Uniform Resource Locator) are some of the most frequently seen TLAs (Three Letter Acronyms) on the Internet. General abbreviations abound as well, in more friendly and conversationally conducive forms, such as TIA (Thanks In Advance), BRB (Be Right Back), BTW (By The Way), and IMHO (In My Humble Opinion. Netspeak :: science Netspeak An analysis of Internet jargon Approximately 30 million people world-wide use the Internet and online services daily. The Net is growing exponentially in all areas, and a rapidly increasing number of people are finding themselves working and playing on the Internet. The people on the Net are not all rocket scientists and computer programmers; they're graphic designers, teachers, students, artists, musicians, feminists, Rush Limbaugh-fans, and your next door neighbors. What these diverse groups of people have in common is their language. The Net community exists and thrives because of effective written communication, as on the net all you have available to express yourself are typewritten words. If you cannot express yourself well in written language, you either learn more effective ways of communicating, or get lost in the shuffle. "Netspeak" is evolving on a national and international level. The technological vocabulary once used only by computer programmers and elite computer manip ulators called "Hackers," has spread to all users of computer networks. The language is currently spoken by people on the Internet, and is rapidly spilling over into advertising and business. The words "online," "network," and "surf the net" are occuring more and more frequently in our newspapers and on television. If you're like most Americans, you're feeling bombarded by Netspeak. Television advertisers, newspapers, and international businesses have jumped on the "Information Superhighway" bandwagon, making the Net more accessible to large numbers of not-entirely-technically-oriented people. As a result, technological vocabulary is entering into non-technological communication. For example, even the archaic UNIX command "grep," (an acronym meaning Get REpeated Pattern) is becoming more widely accepted as a synonym of "search" in everyday communication. The argument rages as to whether Netspeak is merely slang, or a jargon in and of itself. The language is emerging based loosely up on telecommunications vocabulary and computer jargons, with new derivations and compounds of existing words, and shifts creating different usages; all of which depending quite heavily upon clippings. Because of these reasons, the majority of Net-using linguists classify Netspeak as a dynamic jargon in and of itself, rather than as a collection of slang. Linguistically, the most interesting feature of Netspeak is its morphology. Acronyms and abbreviations make up a large part of Net jargon. FAQ (Frequently Asked Question), MUD (Multi-User-Dungeon), and URL (Uniform Resource Locator) are some of the most frequently seen TLAs (Three Letter Acronyms) on the Internet. General abbreviations abound as well, in more friendly and conversationally conducive forms, such as TIA (Thanks In Advance), BRB (Be Right Back), BTW (By The Way), and IMHO (In My Humble Opinion.

John Locke and Immanuel Kant Essay

We are here concerned with the relationship between the human mind, somatic-sensory perceptions, objects of perception, and claims of knowledge arising from their interaction, through the philosophies of John Locke and Immanuel Kant. Confounding the ability to find solid epistemological ground, philosophers have, generally speaking, debated whether ‘what’ we know is prima facie determined by the objective, as-they-are, characteristics of the external world 1(epistemological realism) or if the mind determines, as-it-is, the nature of objects through its own experiential deductions (epistemological idealism). The purpose of this paper is to use the synthetical approach of Immanuel Kant, who utilizes a logical schematization of cognition along with experience (transcendental idealism), in the attaining of knowledge, to criticize Locke’s claims against innate ideas, and subsequently, origin and attainment of knowledge. In the first part of this paper, I will explain the major differences which distinguish epistemological realism and idealism. This disambiguation of philosophical jargon is to allow the reader to understand why the debate exists, how it impacts what human’s claims as ‘knowledge’, and whether or not the debate has any contemporary philosophical importance. This last feature is a relevant aspect of the debate since ‘knowledge’ applies to a great many areas of human life, including, but not limited to, the sciences, morality and ethics, and aesthetics. In the second part of this paper, I will outline Kant’s idealism, otherwise known as, transcendental idealism. This section will lay out the terminology in Kant’s epistemology which will act as a backdrop for comparing and contrasting the theory of Locke. This section will also describe the foundation of Kant’s epistemological claims. As mentioned in the introduction, the mind, the somatic-sensory perceptions, and objects of perception are to be accounted for in the debate between idealism and realism. Thus, the second part of the paper will conclude with an understanding of how knowledge arises under the rubric of Kant’s transcendental idealism. The third part of this paper is then dedicated to providing an account of Lockean innate knowledge and its place in our epistemological enquiry. It is presumed that several deficiencies, to be discussed, are apparent in Locke’s epistemological realism without the use of innate ‘ideas’. These deficiencies, however, are percolated only in light of the Kantian juxtaposition for which this section serves the purpose. In the final part of this paper, I will conclude that while Locke’s epistemological theories h ave had a great influence on the progress of epistemology, especially as a critique against rationalism, the idea of no innate ideas impressed upon the mind prior to experience ultimately leads Lockean realism to base claims that all knowledge arises solely from experience as inexhaustively question-begging without Kant’s transcendentalism. Dealing with the problems of realism and idealism can be seen in humans as young as three years old. Although it may not be so apparent to parents at the time, when a child asks, â€Å"How do you know that? ,† they are challenging the method in which a person uses to ‘know’ what they know. However, children, like philosophers, might not be satisfied with the first answer and continue with a meta-inquiry: â€Å"How do you know that? † While this interrogative approach to understanding the world can be frustrating it does illuminate a particular problem in reasoning, generally. That is, at some point we are forced to answer, vacuously, â€Å"I know, because I know. † However, the persistent child philosopher can rebut with, â€Å"How do you know that you know? † The problems intrinsic to the line of questioning above demonstrate a broad epistemological problem. To solve the problem philosophers have sought out ways in order to make ‘what we know’ or explaining ‘how we know’ a bit more reliable or certain. That is, to provide an answer to our inquisitive three year old that breaks the meta-inquiry of knowable certitude. Knowledge, however, is a little tricky because there is an identity problem between the world and the ideas, or thoughts, in our minds. In making claims of knowledge we must presume certain things are true. To say that you know something assumes that you (1) believe the world represented in your mind is exactly as it is whether you perceive it or not and what we have to say about the world must correspond to the way the world is perceived, (2) the world gives us information about objects, which can be accurate, but our minds are the final decision makers about the nature of those objects which can lead to skepticism, or (3) there is nothing stable about the appearances of the world as presented to our minds, and what we know is solely the product of collective reflection, otherwise known as reasoning. In the context of my thesis, it could be argued that if a set of instructions were provided, such as innate ideas in the mind, these three broad, epistemological viewpoints would be narrowed down to one. The first assumption, (1), is the philosophical position known, broadly, as epistemological realism. The second assumption, (2), is more of a dualism in that it is believed there is enough perceived objectivity in the world to have some certain knowledge of it, but it is still subjected to our experiential bias (intuition plays a more integral role in this doctrine). This is a kind of realism in that certain properties about the objects we perceive are unalterable or indisputable since they would retain those characteristics whether or not they are observed. The third position is epistemological idealism. This position holds, generally, that knowledge is not a product of the nature of objects, but instead, derived from the nature of the mind. In other words, the certainty of knowledge is granted through the nature of the mind found within the species deliberating over certain claims. As mentioned, the debate between idealism and realism does have, beyond satisfying the curiosity of toddlers, implications in other areas of philosophy. It is not the focus of this paper, but an example that illustrates potential problems is that of ethics and morality. In epistemological realism, it may be the case that certain acts produce pain in humans, but there is nothing, it is alleged, which a person can point to in the world that would verify this (kind of) pain as bad, good, rightly, wrongly imposed. In other words, epistemological realism holds that we can know facts about the way the world is because our mind is receptive and capable of reproducing them accurately in our minds, but it is another thing to try to extrapolate from these facts/experiences a particular value/meaning to attach to prescriptive claims. In the extreme case, an epistemological realist might claim that all rules of morality are completely made up and merely appeal to our feelings about facts, but we cannot know for certain. As for idealism, morality appears as a less problematic discourse since the very proprietor of knowledge is that which is arbitrating over moral disputes. However, the kind of facts and/or values which moral claims arise, for idealists, are of a strictly theoretical nature and can be said to carry as much empirical or logical certainty as those doubted in the case of realism. At best they are egocentric and/or egotistic. Even in contemporary debates, which diverge subtly from the philosophies this paper examines, the entailment of moral truths from realist or idealist doctrines remains unsolved. In some cases, such as Marxist philosophy, there can be a real confusion about which doctrine actually prevails. The Communist rule of Stalin and Mao is arguably a perversion of epistemological realism for what was actually and indiscernibly expressed as an idealist project. It was in the Critique of Pure Reason that the philosopher Immanuel Kant attempted to settle the problem of epistemological certainty and skepticism. Recalling the relationship between the mind, objects of the world, our perceptive apparatuses, and knowledge, Kant opens up the Critique of Pure Reason with two allusive statements[1]: (1) â€Å"†¦no knowledge our ours is antecedent to experience, but begins with it. † (2) â€Å"†¦though all of our knowledge begins with experience, it by no means follows that all arises out of experience. † Situating these two phrases within the context of realism and idealism requires parsing out the some key phrases within these statements. The first key phrase or term is â€Å"begins. † Kant tells us that â€Å"knowledge begins with experience. † That is, in order to say â€Å"I know,† one must first have an object which makes some kind of sensory impression on the mind. [2]â€Å"For how is it possible,† Kant asks, â€Å"that the faculty of cognition should be awakened into exercise otherwise by means of objects which affect our senses†¦so to convert the raw material of our sensuous impressions into a knowledge of objects? † It is, therefore, objects in the world that first supply us with the â€Å"raw material† for ‘beginning’ the process of attaining knowledge; the term ‘process’ is important here, because the two statements above allude to two different kinds of knowledge. It is not the case, claims Kant, all knowledge is a direct derivative of compounding impressions of raw data. For Kant, and this point lays the foundation of idealism, the mind plays a much more integral role in determining how those impressions are arranged in pre-conscious faculties. This difference plays an important role in the realism/idealism debate since the relationship between the minds’ functioning and knowledge claims depends upon disassociating two different kinds of demonstrations: (1) a method of proving what is known, (2) the acquisition of knowledge. More specifically, the debate between realism and idealism must in some ways reconcile itself with knowledge claims that are a priori and/or a posteriori. The former refers to rationalized knowledge which is universal, necessary and independent of experience (though this last condition, as we will see, is not so clear in Kant’s idealism). The latter is empirical knowledge which is acquired directly through our sensory perception and is validated by the relationship between what is stated and the way the world appears to be. For example, the claim that ‘snow is cold’ is a posteriori since the concept of ‘cold’ is not directly related to ‘snow’ independent of human experience. What is a priori knowledge is the fundamental subject of Kant’s transcendental idealism. According to Kant, a priori knowledge is not just about a method of proof, but also about how we attain a priori knowledge. As mentioned above, Kant is concerned with not only the knowledge that comes from experience, but also knowledge that arises from experience. That is, Kant seeks to settle how a priori knowledge, knowledge that lends epistemological certitude regarding to certain claims, is attained and verified without relying on facts about an external world. It is here that we see explicitly how a priori knowledge and epistemological idealism are integral and linked to the realism/idealism discussion; a priori knowledge is attained through a logical rationalization of concepts about objects that does not require a direct experience of them. In other words, a priori knowledge is knowledge which, according to Kant, begins with experience, but does not necessarily arise from that experience. To unpack this influx of these epistemological connections, it will be instructive to begin with what Kant calls the Transcendental Aesthetic. There is, states Kant, an arrangement to the mind which makes experience possible. This arrangement, or what Kant calls ‘schematism’ not only makes experience possible, but it also limits the scope of possible experiences. To refocus, Kant’s position is that space and time are the two most fundamental conditions for having an experience. All objects which are presented to the mind are done so, necessarily, in time and in space. It is important to recall that objects of perception/experience make impressions on the mind which is done through any or all of the five senses. This means that space and time, in order to be objects of the external world, must possess the property of being sensible. But if space is the condition for which objects are experienced, then space can only exist because space exists (this kind of paradox is addressed in the Antinomies). The same applies to time. Kant, therefore, purports that space and time are mere formal conditionings of objects via the minds operation providing, at the same time, the possibility of experience and experiential limitations. The upshot for Kant is that he loses nothing with this claim. The reality of space and time, as external objects, would lend no more validity to knowledge claims since the properties of space and time are necessary conditions for experience. Thus, making knowledge claims do not change whether space and time are properties of realist or idealist doctrines. In addition, Kant avoids the paradoxes which arise from claiming space and as objects of external reality by placing them as antecedent conditions for experience, as is needed, in the mind. This leads us to what Kant calls ‘synthetical’ claims a priori. By placing objects in space and in time there are going to be properties pertaining to the relations of objects to other objects and properties of objects that will follow the logic of being so represented. When Kant says that knowledge can arise from experience he is referring to the synthetical claims a priori which are determined by the logic of space and time as formal conditions for experiential representations. This is how Kant is able to famously answer how ‘every change has cause’ is necessary without realist fact. Kant admits that change is something that must be experienced, but change is an experience in space and in time. Since time is represented as a succession or the proceeding of an object through/from time t1 to time t2, and change is a relation of cause and effect, and since a cause cannot be its effect (see the paradox of space and time being the conditions of their own existence above), then once we are able to experience an event as ‘change’ in relation to an object (in time and space), we can, and with no further experience, strictly use the concepts of ‘cause’, ‘event’, and ‘change’, to make the a priori claim that ‘every change has a cause’; note, not just a change, or some changes, but every change has a cause. In other words, because of Kant’s transcendental idealism, we are logically justified in attaching certain knowledge of properties and relations in and between objects beyond what is provided by what we know a posteriori. It is through this understanding of Kant’s transcendental idealism that we are to understand and address John Locke’s assertion that the mind, when it first is developed, is nothing more than a blank slate, or ‘tabula rasa’. Locke’s task in Book I [3]â€Å"how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty, without any such original notions or principles. † In Kantian language, impressions are those images that are implanted in the mind by sensuous perception/experience. The concept of innate, for Locke, then, must refer to impressions which are found in the mind before the Kantian impression. That is, as an ‘impression’ for both Locke and Kant, if it is innate, then the impression exists prior to sensual experience and provides some kind of information. This is the opposite of tabula rasa. In the beginning of Book I, Locke does not refer to innate knowledge, which would be the product of extrapolating statements from information; information, in this case, simply refers to facts or what Locke refers to as ‘simple ideas’. On one level there is a similarity between Kant and Locke. Locke goes on to state that [4]â€Å"it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a creature to whom God had giveth sight, and the power to receive them from external objects. † For Kant, the recognition/knowledge of a color would require, first, that the eye experience what color happens to be. Thus, claims regarding color fall within the realm of a posteriori knowledge. In addition, the perception of color and the conception/idea of color are limited to the mode of experience one can have for color. One cannot hear, taste, or feel the color green, which, a priori, would require the mind to be further equipped with the innate condition/information of predetermining how to file color when it is sensed. In other words, the brain must already know that the concept ‘green’, if it is innate, is a concept pertaining strictly to sight. However, these are not the claims for which Locke is contesting for the proof that innate principles do not exist. More controversially, and, I believe, in opposition to Kant’s transcendental idealism, are the claims that ‘whatsoever is, is’ and ‘it is impossible for the same thing to be and not be’ cannot be shown to be necessarily true based on innate principles. It is in this claim that we find evidence for epistemological realism in Locke’s philosophy; for if it was to be true that ‘whatsoever is, is’ for Locke, then the claim must correspond necessarily to the way the world is through experience. In other words, it must be a fact that ‘whatsoever is, is’ as a result of experiencing the ‘whatsoever’. This being the case, Locke goes on to detail the [5]â€Å"the steps by which the mind attains several truths. † Like Kant, Locke claims that it is through sensory perception that the mind is imprinted with particular ideas. Unlike Kant, however, Locke claims that it is â€Å"by degrees† does there become a habitual familiarity which accompanies these ideas to be stored in the memory. The scene is analogous to what we assume to be the learning pattern of a baby; that through the incremental addition of experiences and seeing particular relations exposed in those experiences, the mind is furnished with the materials which become the objects of reflection. This being the case, it would seem that knowledge is perhaps not really knowledge at all, but an imitation of habitual experiences. But as Hume correctly pointed out, there is no certainty in consistency, and reasoning based on such a consistency. This justifies, tentatively, skepticism toward Locke’s claim that certainty can be attained without innate principles. Another criterion for innate principles, according to Locke, is that one must be aware of them as something knowable in order to prove their existence. Locke mentions how clinically insane and infants are unable to articulate what they know and how it is they know it. Locke gives the example of an infant not knowing [6]â€Å"that three and four equal to seven, till he comes to be able to count to seven. † This examination of Locke’s claims puts forth the question of whether or not a person ‘knows’ that three and four equal seven, or if a person is simply countenancing facts from his or her experience which is guided by epistemological realism. From a Kantian perspective, the matter is more about dealing with quantity (three, seven, four), the relationship between concepts (plus, equals), and the knowledge which can arise from predetermined, logical schemata in human cognition (four and four is greater than seven if three and four equal seven). It is not that Kant would assert that a language-less baby unexposed to elementary mathematics can know that three and four equal seven. Further, a baby would also not be able to articulate, even if its mind were furnished with the knowledge that ‘whatsoever is, is’ since a baby simply lacks the language to be able to say so. Inverting Locke’s challenge to see if the claim ‘whatsoever is, is’ can be assented to by babies and the mentally handicapped presents a fundamental problem his argument: the burden of proof is on Locke to provide valid counterfactuals to a baby and/mentally challenged persons. In other words, we should take Locke seriously when he moves beyond a simple imitation of what the world shows him and demonstrate when ‘whatsoever is, is not’ and ‘it is possible for something to be entirely red and entirely green at the same time’. Then Locke must move to show how these claims are grounded in a realist epistemology. This criticism bolsters the Kantian project in that transcendental idealism not only presents the possibility for experience, but also limits experience at the same time. A feature Locke is lacking. Without innate ideas, or some kind of cognitive structure which makes sense of perception, Locke must, in order to remain consistent, assume that there is a possibility that something can be simultaneously all red and all green and that we could perceive it when it does happen. Kant is essentially claiming that if there is an experienced contradiction such as, ‘something is simultaneously all red and all green’, then we can be pretty sure that the source of this confusion lies in our cognitive faculties and not in the world. It is not quite so clear with the Lockean project, however. Lockean realism takes for granted that the mind is representing an accurate portrayal of the world even in the case of a contradiction. This kind of reliance does not provide any kind of certainty or attainment of truths as Locke claims. On the contrary, what we would know is simply a regurgitation of experience thus creating confusion on where the source of a contradiction lies in the case one is presented in experience. In conclusion, when we compare the progress of epistemology as a historically situated study, then we come to see John Locke as an influential philosopher who challenged the rationalist doctrine which denied experience and empirical facts as integral to what we count as knowledge. It is that very project, however, that led John Locke and epistemological realism down a path of incoherency when both promised certainty through observation without grounding any source for that certainty. For its faults, which are not mentioned here, Kantian transcendentalism has been shown to be a more tenable answer to the idealism/realism debate as it has been contrasted with John Locke’s realism.

Application of Evidenced †Based Practice Essay

Application of Evidenced-based Practice Regarding pediatric Patients and Otitis Media 1 Running head: Application of Evidenced -based Practice Application of Evidence-based Practice Regarding Pediatric Patients and Otitis Media Running head: Application of Evidence-based Practice 2 The nursing practice heavily relies on the evidence based clinical information to determine current standards of practice within the nursing scope of practice. A multitude of informational journals and peer reviewed articles are readily available to help guide the decisions placed into practice. The nurse is responsible for recognizing the quality of evidence collected to improve the standard of care patients receive. This paper will investigate four articles regarding the appropriate care and treatment of the pediatric population with otitis media. In addition, an appropriate recommendation for antibiotic therapy will be made based on information gathered during the research. To answer the question of whether a wait-and -see approach is recommended, an initial validation of the information collected must be determined. Four articles will be assessed based on the type of research collected as filtered, unfiltered, or general information. The source will be investigated as inappropria te or appropriate. Lastly, the articles will be classified as primary research evidence, evidence summary, or evidence-based guideline. In addition to the four articles, a study and interview from current patients of the clinic will be discussed. The first article by the American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians discusses the diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. This article is a filtered resource as several large studies have been completed on the topic. The article is from a reliable and reputable source and is determined to be appropriate. The type of research is an evidence summary as well as providing evidenced based guidelines for practice. The second article by The Pediatric Infectious disease Journal provides unfiltered information. The author Dr. Block discusses evidenced collected within studies of her own as well as collected data from Running head: Application of Evidenced-based practice 3 previous studies and as a result the article is mainly primary research. This source would be considered inappropriate for a nurse evaluating a standard practice to recommend. The information presented within the article is too broad and does not recommend a best practice standard. The article is an unfiltered article based on the foundation of a multitude of studies and expert opinion presented. A physician may find this article useful if investigating which pathogen would best respond to a specific antibiotic. The third article is a general informative resource for the clinic to apply evidence based practice. The resource is a filtered article which provides appropriate information relating to general practice. The research is evidence summary as well as evidence-based guideline. This article provides general information regarding pain and treatment of ear problems. This article may by appropriate for the diagnosis of specific ear conditions and treatments however may not be approp riate to determine if a wait-and-see approach is supported. The last article reviewed discusses treatment of otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. This is an unfiltered resource and appropriate for determining if a practice change should be implemented. The type of research is evidence summary and evidence-based guidelines. This article would support an evidenced based approach to support a change of practice within the clinic. Finally, interviews collected from patients who utilize the clinic is unfiltered information and inappropriate to base a clinical change of practice. The type of research is primary research evidence. This information may be helpful for determining the type of culture who utilizes the clinic and how accepting the community may perceive a change in practice. All pieces of information collected has valuable information, however from nursing standards an article should present current evidence based practice standards. Running head: Application of Evidenced-based Practice 4 The evidence presented within one article supports a watchful waiting approach to treating acute ear infections in children. Data is strongly supported with evidenced based practice guiding the appropriate course of treatment as prescribed by physicians. For example, The American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians have provided a practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media. This article should be considered the gold standard of practice for physicians and presents filtered information. The article clearly provided recommendations based on the presentation of the patient in addition to practice standards. The article is current and is supported by regulatory licensing agencies. Future research goals are also discussed along with current recommendations. This informative practice guideline should be reviewed with additional information to fully support a practice change within the clinic . However, additional current studies would be required to implement a change of practice with more supportive data. Considering multiple resources were obtained to investigate a change in practice, some articles were outdated and referenced studies which may not be applicable to modern practice. In conclusion, research does support a more watchful approach to treating patients; more supportive current data would be required so an informed decision can be made. To implement a policy change within a clinic, a committee should be established to review current evidence based literature to support a change in practice. A review of current recommendations for practices can be investigated along with a discussion with a larger pediatric medical facility. Having a better understanding of current trends from neighboring establishments can better prepare the facility for a change in practice. Educational information should be prepared for parents to establish a clear understanding of why a practice change has been implemented. Nursing will have a vital role in educating families and possibly reminding practitioners of practice Running head: Application of Evidenced-based practice 5 recommendations. By the nursing staff having the knowledge of best practice, they can advocate a higher quality of care for their patients. Ethical concerns and vulnerable populations should be considered when researching and changing clinical practice  guidelines. The practitioner and nursing staff must assure they are implementing practice changes to improve quality of care for their patients. Well supported and researched standards should only be implemented. The patient population of the clinic should not be uses as a test group or population without prior knowledge or informed consent. During the process of informed consent, all risks must be explained to the patient and family. Patients must be educated by the practitioners and nursing staff regarding the implementation of a new practice. The staff must be aware of credible resources for data collection and applications to practice. Reassurance of protecting patient privacy should be discussed with patients and parents. The nurses must continue to advocate for human rights during the research process by identifying vulnerable populations. These populations may include children, pregnant woman, elderly, and cultural differences. If any language barriers exist, the nursing staff should be p repared to have alternate communication methods. State and federal guidelines must be followed during any research process and advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves. References Block, S.L. (2008). Causative Pathogens, Antibiotic Resistance and Therapeutic Considerations in Acute Otitis Media. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 15(4), 448-456. Hay, W.W., Levin, J.J, Sondheimer, & Deterding, R.R. (2006). Current pediatric diagnosis and treatment. Ear, Nose and Throat. (pp. 159-492). Denver, Colorado: Lange. McCracken, G.H. (1998). Treatment of Acute Otitis Media in an Era of Increasing Microbial Resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17(6), 576-579. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2004). Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media, 113(5), 1451-1465.

Argumentative Essay The Basics

Argumentative Essay The Basics How to Write Argumentative Essays Argumentative essay writing requires that one is able to convince reasonable readers that their argument or position has merit.  The art of argumentation is not an easy skill to acquire. It is one thing to have an opinion and another to be able to argue it successfully. What Is an Argumentative Essay? An argumentative essay is a genre of writing that aims at investigating an issue, taking a stand on an issue, generating and evaluating a multitude of evidence in a logical manner to support the overall claim. An argument essay is therefore meant to persuade people to think the same way you do i.e. convincing the reader to agree with the writer’s point of view. While making an argument in academic writing, we aim at expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with logical evidence. We all use arguments at some time in our daily routines, and you probably have some know-how at crafting an argument. The verbal arguments we occasionally engage in can become unreasonable and heated losing the focus. The goal of an argumentative essay, however, is quite the opposite as the argument has to be specific, reasoned, detailed and supported with evidence. Argumentative Essays by We offer top class argumentative essays, written by industrys top professionals. Whatever the subject, topic, complexity level, we can do it for you. We guarantee you: On time delivery Totally original writing (no plagiarism) 24/7 customer support Clear well-researched arguments Neat essay structure Free references bibliography Visit our order page to submit your instructions and we will start working on your paper immediately. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact our customer support they are always happy to assist you! Difference between an Argumentative and Persuasive Essay Well, some confusion may occur between the difference of argumentative essay and persuasive essay. Though both essays aim to present a particular point of view, they are both different in how they get their points across and why. A persuasive essay is mostly one-sided and uses passion and emotion to attempt to sway the reader’s loyalty. Argumentative essays, on the other hand, are more structured and try to look at critical issues from multiple angles. Structure of an Argumentative Assay The only way to writing a captivating argumentative essay is to understand the structure so as to stay focused and make a strong point. 1. The Introduction The introductory paragraph sets the stage for the position you are arguing for in your essay. It’s made up of a hook, background information, and a thesis statement. The Hook A hook is a sentence that is meant to capture the reader’s attention. As a writer, you need a strong hook that should knock your reader’s socks off and set an expectation of what they are reading. For example if I am writing an argumentative essay about why American people should start eating insects as part of their diet, my hook could be, â€Å"For those interested in improving their diets as part of their resolution this year, you may want to reduce your chicken, fish and beef intake and say hello to eating insects.† Background information The next part of your introduction is dedicated to offering some detailed background information about your topic. It gives the reader the necessary information he/she needs to understand your position. This is required to understand the argument by answering questions such as, what is the issue at hand, where is the issue prevalent and why is it important? Thesis statement When making a thesis statement for your argumentative essay, you clearly state your position on the topic and a reason for taking that stance. For example, â€Å"A diet of insects can provide solutions to issues of starvation, obesity and climate change thus Americans should embrace and learn to rely on insects over beef, chicken and fish as their primary source of nutrition.† The reader needs to know what exactly the argument is and why it is important. 2. Developing an argument You now have to back up your argument with credible evidence. This is the heart of your essay and needs to be started off with a general statement that is backed with specific details or examples. Depending on the length of your essay, you will need to include two or three well-explained paragraphs to each reason or type of evidence. The use of opinions from recognized authorities and first-hand examples and scientific knowledge on your topic of discussion will help readers to connect to the debate in a way they wouldn’t with the use of abstract ideas. 3. Refuting opponent’s arguments/claims At this point, you state your opponent’s views then offer a counter argument. A well written argumentative essay must anticipate and address positions in the opposition. This will make your position more convincing and stronger. Additionally, pointing out what your opponent is likely to say in response to your argument shows that you have taken the time to critically analyze and prepare your topic. 4. The conclusion This is the section of the essay that will leave the most immediate impression on the mind of the reader. Emphasize why the issue is so important, review the main points and review your thesis statement. Make the reader think about the ramifications of your argument by showing what would happen if people acted as per your position. Closing the argumentative essay with a clear picture of the world as you would like to see it can leave the reader convinced that your argument is valid. What Makes Your Argumentative Essay Successful? To write an effective argumentative essay, you should find a topic that you are interested in and one that offers two sides of an issue rather than giving an absolute answer. For instance, it is impossible to make an argumentative essay about how 4+4=8. However, you could argue for days about contentious topics like GMOs, homosexuality, gun control etc. Further, the topic should be narrow in focus so that detailed, substantial evidence can be presented. For example, writing an argumentative essay on World War II can seem vague as the topic is too broad. Finally, the writer should take a stance and stick with it. The reader should be able to determine easily what position you are advocating for in the essay. The Do’s and Don’ts of Argumentative Essay Writing Do’s Use passionate and convincing language. Illustrate a well-rounded understanding of the topic under discussion. Back up your statements with facts, statistic, examples and informed opinions of experts who agree with you. Address the opposing side’s argument and refute their claims. Demonstrate a lack of bias. Take a stand and don’t confuse your readers. Donts Refrain from using weak qualifiers like ‘I think, I believe, I guess’, as this will only reduce the level of trust the reader has in your opinion. Don’t assume that the audience will agree with you about any aspect of your argument. Don’t use strict moral or religious claims as support for your argument. Don’t claim to be an expert if you are not one. No strong personal expressions must be used as it weakens the grounds of your essay, like saying, ‘Mr. Chris is ignorant.’ Do not introduce new points while making your conclusion. There are lots of argumentative essay topics to write about if you think about it. Choose a topic that matters to you and make a strong case on the topic using the above guidelines.   

Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Steph Essays

Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Steph Essays Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Steph Paper Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Steph Paper 1. Discuss the importance of place and/or landscape in one or more texts that you have read. Place is important because it constructs the setting and era, discussing issues through symbolism and what is accepted in society during those times. The Summer of the Seventeenth Doll by Ray Lawler relies heavily on place to construct the setting and bring the story into context for the audience. It is set in the 1950s, in Australia during the midst of an economic boom. The story is about the boys Roo and Barney coming down from Queensland to Melbourne to see Olive and Pearl for the lay-off season. â€Å"The house of the play is situated in Carlton, a now scruffy but once fashionable suburb of Melbourne†. The choice of setting in Melbourne is important as it shows how Roo and Barney are normally up in Queensland working but during their times off they come to Melbourne to see Olive and Pearl. Each time Roo comes down for the summer he brings for Olive a kewpie doll. This is symbolic of the time they spend together. It is also symbolic of their children as they are not married and Olive has no plans to marry Roo or have actual children with him. The fact they have this sort of de-facto summer living relationship also says a lot about the era it is set in. During the 1950s it was not acceptable to live with a man if you were not married to them. Olive lived in her illusionary world of ‘kewpie dolls’ and the boys just coming down for summer. She loved when they came but she also loved when they left because to her it was just like a summer fling. Ray Lawler chose this era to set it in because towards the end of the play, Roo doesn’t just want to be the ‘lay-off season’ guy, he wants to live with Olive permanently, give up his job in Queensland and marry her. Olive says â€Å"You think I’ll let it all end up in marriage – every day – a paint factory – you think I’ll marry you? † She doesn’t want that kind of relationship with Roo and the era of the 1950s makes the storyline that much more important as it sees the coming of age of women being independent. It is about individualism, growing up or refusing to grow up and freedom. For Australians it was the first time many of them got to see realistic characters portrayed with themes of mateship displayed between the boys. Therefore the place is important as it is displays Australian themes during the era of 1950 and it also discussing issues within society and how they weren’t accepted told through the characters portrayals. RIGHTS RESERVED

The History of the First Amendment

The History of the First Amendment The first, and most well-known amendment of the constitution reads:   Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This means that: The U.S. government cannot mandate a certain religion for all its citizens. U.S. citizens  have the right to choose what faith we want to follow.The U.S. government cannot subject its citizens to rules and laws that prohibit them from speaking our minds.The press can print and circulate the news without fear of reprisal, even if that news is less than favorable regarding our country or government.U.S. citizens  have the right to gather toward common goals and interests without interference from the government or the authorities.U.S. Citizens can petition the government to suggest changes and voice concerns.   James Madison and the First Amendment In 1789, James Madison - nicknamed the father of the Constitution - proposed 12 amendments that ultimately became the 10 amendments that make up the U.S. Bill of Rights. Madison was unquestionably the person who wrote the First Amendment in this respect.  But this doesnt mean he was the one who came up with the idea. Several factors complicate his status as an author: Madison initially stood by the unamended Constitution, viewing the Bill of Rights as unnecessary because he did not believe that the federal government would ever become powerful enough to need one.Madisons mentor Thomas Jefferson was ultimately the person who convinced him to change his mind and propose a Bill of Rights. The freedoms described in the First Amendment – separation of church and state, religious free exercise, and the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition – were of particular concern to Jefferson.Jefferson himself was inspired by the work of European Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and Cesare Beccaria.The language of the First Amendment was inspired by similar free speech protections written into various state constitutions. While Madison unquestionably wrote the First Amendment, it would be a bit of a stretch to suggest that it was solely his idea or to give him the entire credit for it. His model for a constitutional amendment protecting free expression and freedom of conscience wasnt particularly original and its purpose was merely to honor his mentor. If there is anything outstanding about James Madisons role in the creation of the amendment it was that someone of his position was able to  stand up and call for these protections to be permanently written into the U.S. Constitution.

The Importance of Military Bearing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Importance of Military Bearing - Essay Example Whether in the darkness of war trenches or in the comfort of their offices in the barracks, military personnel are expected to exhibit a high level of professionalism. Therefore, the capability of demonstrating military bearing is independent of the sites of operation: it is a demonstration of the military tactfulness, which is a direct opposite of the civilian sloppiness. In fact, many military officers today decided to join the Armed Forces because of the spruce appearance of the military personnel. (a) Self-dignity: The beauty of military bearing is in the ability to carry oneself with dignity. The military personnel are often encouraged to stand tall: they should maintain a realistic air of self-importance around themselves. The extent of self-dignity depends on the ranks of individual officers. To display this enviable self-dignity, the military personnel are taught to assume certain kinds of postures, like standing straight with the back upright like a ramrod and looking straight into the eyes of their interlocutors. Some officers have taken this self-importance farther than that: one could perceive self-dignity in their gaits as they walk from one place to another: The higher the rank the bigger the swagger or faster the sprightly gait. (b) Physical Appearance: One of the amazing things about the military is the immaculate appearance that military personnel command. You could see their uniforms properly ironed and neat. Even the way they put on these uniforms depict professionalism that seems to make people dizzy about whether soldiers truly spend hours to get their uniforms prepared. Although, it isn’t the uniform itself that matters, the way it is worn: military personnel have different ranks, and each rank has the befitting official uniform that stipulates the appropriate level of authority as reflected by the officers’ epaulettes, badges, caps or berets, and other military paraphernalia. A military officer is expected to be neat, spruce, brisk, and articulate in fashion.  Ã‚  

MAR Income Statement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

MAR Income Statement - Research Paper Example However, there has been a lot of stiff competition within the international organizations that deal with hospitality operations but the Marriott International Incorporation has maintained standards of being among the few that maintain a competitive advantage (Hartman & Werhane, 2009). The core principle that facilitates the great returns or rather success to the Marriott International Incorporation is the element of effective top management. This majorly consists of the board of directors that are having sufficient knowledge in the line of hospitality management and supervision. Due to this focus and teamwork, the organization still looks forward to a great establishment thus economic growth and development. The board of directors, including the general manager or chief executive officer, has very defined roles and responsibilities within a business organization. Fundamentally, it is the role of the board of directors to hire the general manager of the business and evaluate the overall direction and strategy of the business (Finance.yahoo.com). The general manager is responsible for hiring all of the other employees and overseeing the day-to-day operation of the business. On the contrary, management is not responsible for the overall policy decisions of the business. Some of the major responsibilities of the board of directors include: The process of evaluating, recruiting, supervising, retaining, and compensating the general manager is probably the most important functions of the board of directors. Value-added business boards need to aggressively search for the best possible candidate for this position (Hartman & Werhane, 2014). Actively searching within your industry can lead to the identification of very capable people Directing the Marriot International Incorporation effectively as the board has a strategic function in providing the vision, mission, and goals of the organization. These are often determined in combination with the chief executive officer of the business.

Airfix Footwear LTD v. Cope [1978] ICR 1210 Case Study

Airfix Footwear LTD v. Cope [1978] ICR 1210 - Case Study Example It is irrelevant in the case observed in the paper whether the individual daily contracts were separate employment or not. The IT concluded that no individual contracts existed between the worker and the company. The company only delivers work sporadically from time to time, and from time-to-time the worker chooses to do it, so that there is a pattern of an occasional week done a few times a year, then it might well be that there comes into existence on each of these occasions a separate contract of service or contract for services, but the overriding arrangement is not itself a contract of employment, either of services or for services. But these matters must depend upon the facts of each particular case. This case confirms the view that an "umbrella" contract can exist if a practice of dealing has been built up over the years with expectations and obligations on each side. It was only in respect of the overall contract that the question of mutuality of obligation came into effect, and in this particular case, it was considered that this obligation was so overpowering that it meant that no individual contracts had existed. However, it is often difficult to establish the necessary ongoing mutuality of obligation to change a series of short-term contracts into a single "umbrella" contract. In this case, the IT denied the worker's claim because the worker is not obligated to accept the work and the provider is not under any obligation to consistently provide the work to the worker. In order for the 'worker' to be classified as an 'employee', the case must be able to pass the test for employee status. In this case, the company does not have or is not in a position to exercise any control over the worker. "The more control the supervisor or employer can exercise, the more likely the worker will be deemed an employee. Temporary workers engaged through employment agencies have for a number of years been a popular choice for UK businesses. The benefits to businesses o f engaging a flexible labor resource have been tangible. The resource can, in theory, be turned on and off at will, without the problems associated with headcount, the need for redundancy procedures or risk of unfair dismissal. In short, temporary agency workers have proved a cost-efficient resource to end-user businesses. For an employment contract to exist, as a minimum the following ingredients must be met; first a contract between the parties, second, an element of control over the worker and third, a mutuality of obligation between the worker and the employer. Up until 2004, most cases considered by the courts found that whilst there may be sufficient control exercised by the hiring end user over the worker and mutuality of obligation, there was no actual contract between the worker and the end user. In contrast, the courts found that whilst there was a contract between the agency and the worker, there was insufficient mutuality of obligation or control by the agency over the w orker for it to be an employment contract. The consequence was the worker was not employed by either the agency or the hiring end user. It soon became obvious to the court that the base was not broad enough, using merely mutuality of obligation as the test. It broadened its scope of the test by including the concept of control of the worker.

Concealed Weapons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concealed Weapons - Essay Example Accordingly, the following arguments will present a case for why gun control and stricter gun laws are required; while at the same time presenting the case for why stricter gun laws will not necessarily improve the situation that has been thus far evidenced throughout society; relating to gun crimes and/or mass shootings. An argument that is used against the ability of an individual to use a bear a concealed weapons has to do with the actual wording of the Second Amendment. As such, the Second Amendment stipultes that guns are allowable as a means of maintining a militia; yet, the fact of the matter is that almost all individuals in society that wish to use the Second Amendment to justify guns and/or concealed weapons are in fact not a member of any state regulated militia. Instead, they are private citizens. This creates a unique problem as these individuals were never intended to own and carry weapons outside the constraints of what the Second Amendment stipulated they should be used for. According to a 1997 study of National Crime Victimization Survey data, "robbery and assault victims who used a gun to resist were less likely to be attacked or to suffer an injury than those who used any other methods of self-protection or those who did not resist at all Firstly, it is necessary to close the background check loopholes in order to keep guns out of dangerous hands. In general, most gun owners buy their guns legally and use them safely, whether for self-defense, hunting, or sport shooting. Yet too often, irresponsible and dangerous individuals have been able to easily get their hands on firearms. We must strengthen our efforts to keep guns from falling into wrong hands. Due to the fact that strict gun control laws have failed to have a positive affect in any of the jurisidictions they have been applied within, the reader is left to assume that creating an even stricter level of

Macroeconomics of my own life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics of my own life - Essay Example On a day-to-day basis, our firm refines crude oil into useable forms, be it diesel, petrol or gas among others. The global market exhibits a great need for these products and this need does not get fully satisfied at any particular time. As such, even when we produce in excess, there would always be market for the products. But an interesting phenomenon I observed was the fact that with increased need for our products in the market, the prices would go up. Such are the times when, say, we receive more than usual orders. Macroeconomics refers to this need as demand (Sexton 105). This observed phenomenon has been documented by Mankiw (69) who notes that with increase in demand, there would be a consequent increase in price, all other factors held constant as retrieved from the demand curve. Even though the demand curve dictates that there would a proportionate decrease in price with decrease in demand, our firm often takes time to decrease its prices with decrease in demand. And even t he minimal decrease in price would not be comparable to the price increase trend. This could be attributed to factors held constant when theorizing the demand curve as documented by Mankiw (69). In our company, these factors could be customer loyalty and the limited substitute options in the industry since our firm controls a significant portion of the oil market in its locality. Furthermore, the government has set guidelines that govern the pricing in the gas industry because of the important role that the industry plays in driving the economy. In macroeconomics, the government would be said to have interest in the aggregate supply which encompasses the economy’s productive capacity for goods and services (Sexton 167). To further illustrate the effect of demand on the prices of our products, the 2008 economic recession provides an appropriate example. During this time, a majority of the countries were facing hard economic times and could therefore not engage in meaningful pr oduction activities. Similarly, a majority of air travels for instance reduced as people sought for ways of cutting down on their expenses. This meant that the demand for our products should have declined during the same period. But on the contrary, the demand increased with other countries joining in the list of our existing customers. As such, the prices of our commodities kept rising to an all-time high before the government set up proper guidelines on pricing. Information acquired from macroeconomics argues against this trend for the good of the economy. The increase in prices of oil products slows down economic activities, which in turn reduces the final goods and services which the country produces for its market at any given time, referred to as gross domestic product, GDP by (Sexton 585). This would be determined by summing up the output from each enterprise to give a total. The GDP serves as a significant indicator of the living standards of a country. The government apprec iates this fact and would thus step in to contain any factors that threaten the economy such as excessive increase in the cost of production, say due to increase in the prices of oil products. Whereas there would be times when the firm receives plenty of supplies of crude oil, there would also be times of limited supply. With oil producing and exporting countries being prone to wars, war would be the leading reason for limited supplies from such countries. During such times of low

Self assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self assessment - Essay Example responsible.) In addition, she has become even more mature due to her experiences away from home like her trips to Mexico and Rome. (†¦ we can.) I, personally, respect how she takes the initiative when she is passionate about something, for example the revival of the Classics Club, and how she already knows what she wants in life at this age. (She has an†¦. ) (†¦Renaissance study. A deeper level of this study plays an important role.) Our daughter is interested in Ancient History, Archaeology and Classic Studies so it is necessary that she becomes part of an institution which can help cultivate this interest. (†¦ advantage.) We do not think a denial will discourage our daughter. Helena has proved that she is a determined individual when in the pursuit of her goals. She faced a lot of difficulty when she tried to re-open the Classics Club and there also challenges living away from home but she faced these head-on. She is a resilient young woman so we know she can handle denial gracefully. †¦. (came voluntarily.) It is nice to see her continuous devotion to her passions – writing and humanities. It is also good that even with all the technology around her, Helena has not let these advances deter her from her

Macroeconomics of my own life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics of my own life - Essay Example On a day-to-day basis, our firm refines crude oil into useable forms, be it diesel, petrol or gas among others. The global market exhibits a great need for these products and this need does not get fully satisfied at any particular time. As such, even when we produce in excess, there would always be market for the products. But an interesting phenomenon I observed was the fact that with increased need for our products in the market, the prices would go up. Such are the times when, say, we receive more than usual orders. Macroeconomics refers to this need as demand (Sexton 105). This observed phenomenon has been documented by Mankiw (69) who notes that with increase in demand, there would be a consequent increase in price, all other factors held constant as retrieved from the demand curve. Even though the demand curve dictates that there would a proportionate decrease in price with decrease in demand, our firm often takes time to decrease its prices with decrease in demand. And even t he minimal decrease in price would not be comparable to the price increase trend. This could be attributed to factors held constant when theorizing the demand curve as documented by Mankiw (69). In our company, these factors could be customer loyalty and the limited substitute options in the industry since our firm controls a significant portion of the oil market in its locality. Furthermore, the government has set guidelines that govern the pricing in the gas industry because of the important role that the industry plays in driving the economy. In macroeconomics, the government would be said to have interest in the aggregate supply which encompasses the economy’s productive capacity for goods and services (Sexton 167). To further illustrate the effect of demand on the prices of our products, the 2008 economic recession provides an appropriate example. During this time, a majority of the countries were facing hard economic times and could therefore not engage in meaningful pr oduction activities. Similarly, a majority of air travels for instance reduced as people sought for ways of cutting down on their expenses. This meant that the demand for our products should have declined during the same period. But on the contrary, the demand increased with other countries joining in the list of our existing customers. As such, the prices of our commodities kept rising to an all-time high before the government set up proper guidelines on pricing. Information acquired from macroeconomics argues against this trend for the good of the economy. The increase in prices of oil products slows down economic activities, which in turn reduces the final goods and services which the country produces for its market at any given time, referred to as gross domestic product, GDP by (Sexton 585). This would be determined by summing up the output from each enterprise to give a total. The GDP serves as a significant indicator of the living standards of a country. The government apprec iates this fact and would thus step in to contain any factors that threaten the economy such as excessive increase in the cost of production, say due to increase in the prices of oil products. Whereas there would be times when the firm receives plenty of supplies of crude oil, there would also be times of limited supply. With oil producing and exporting countries being prone to wars, war would be the leading reason for limited supplies from such countries. During such times of low

Introduction to Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to Business - Assignment Example It aims to increase and regulate trade between the countries through minimizing and eliminating tariffs and duties on products and services. (Foundation) European Union is an economic and political jointure that consists of 27 of European countries. Established in 1993, it aims to establish a single market through a standardized set of laws that all member countries have to adhere to. The laws mainly come under the domain of trade, fisheries, agriculture and regional development. Ethics refers to code of principles and values that direct a person’s actions in his personal or business life. It, basically, means knowing the difference between what is right and what is wrong and then choosing the right way to do things. Social responsibility refers to an ethical ideology that says that any individual or organization has an obligation to the society. Any individual, company, or country should act in a way that inflicts the least amount of harm or damage to its environment and must take steps that are beneficial to the society as a whole. The main purpose of any business is to maximize gains and minimize losses. In a non-profit-organization, however, these gains are not monetary. Nonetheless, the sole purpose of the existence of any business is to make profits. Therefore, this should be given highest priority. However, it is also the firm’s responsibility to abide by the particular state’s rules and regulations, standard, and moral obligations as well. Failure to do so, in the long run, affects the very purpose of the firm i.e. making profits. Therefore, the firm should not only be focused on making profits and should adapt its offerings and procedures to the regulations and other moral obligations even if that translates into some additional costs and compromise on the profits. The creditors – all lenders such as banks, shareholders, investors, etc. must be paid back or

Women of Race in the Late 19th Century Essay Example for Free

Women of Race in the Late 19th Century Essay During the American Civil War all the free white men of the southern confederacy had left their homes to fight the war. While the white male southerners were out fighting battles they left their family and homes with their slaves. During that time period there were no incidents of rape rather the slaves provided protection for their families. When the war ended all the slaves were free and became citizens of the United States. The white southerners did not take to this lightly. To maintain white supremacy in the south white southerners would make false accusations against Afro-Americans of rape, murder, burglary, etc. With the extra-legal laws still intact, by public opinion an enraged mob would lynch Afro-American that have been accused of a crime. This law was only exercised towards the Afro-American population of the south during the late 19th century, mainly towards Afro-Americans men, to maintain white supremacy in the south. The gender norms of the south were that white women married white men. There was a law that prohibited interracial marriage. The law even prohibited intimate interracial relations. Gender ideology of the time was still Victorian, women would stay at home and men would provide for their families. The role of the women was to take care of home and be the moral compass for the family. The man was supposed to work to provide income for his family and home. Sometimes the man of the house would lose sight of his virtues and would rely on his wife to guide him. The core virtues were religious and mainly Christian. There is a reason why the woman is supposed to be the moral compass for her family. Southern women of the late 19th century were to be pious and pure. Seeking for an intellectual life and a career was frowned upon heavily. Men of the late 19th century were not expected to be pure because of their nature but they were encouraged to seek a pious life. Men were seen as impulsive creatures that would make mistakes in his life and would learn from them. Women on the other hand were expected to pure because o f their nature. Women were seen as gentle caring beings. White women of the south during the late 19th century, like I wrote before, are to be pious and pure. This gender norm was highly ritualized among white southerners during the time period. The miscegenation law made it so that Afro-American men would not have intimate relations with a white woman. Afro-Americans were seen as impure and vile. They were seen as lesser race in the eyes of white southerners during the late 19th century. Much of the ways that Afro-Americans were treated while enslavement were not gone. White southerners still treated them with a dehumanizing respect. When a white woman and Afro-American man had a relationship beyond friendship, the white southern citizens would be enraged and form mobs. These mobs would lynch the suspected â€Å"rapist†. In almost all the alleged cases of rape the Afro-American man did receive the consent of the white woman. There was a case in Elyria, Ohio of a white woman married to a minister who accused an Afro-American man of rape. â€Å"She told her husband that during his absence in 1888 the man forced his way in the house and insulted her. She did not know the man but she pointed out William Offett, a married man, who was arrested and, being in Ohio, was granted a trial. He prisoner vehemently denied the charge of rape. He was found guilty. The womans remorse led her to confess to her husband that the man was innocent† (Wells, Southern Horrors, pg6). This proves the accusations of rape were commonly mistaken because the woman was not willing to admit her intimacy with an Afro-American man. That did not change anything, if an Afro-American man had intimate relations with a white woman it did not matter, the Afro-American man was going to be hurt if any white southerner were to find out. There are many situations like these but in some the white lady would admit her intimacy. That would not stop an enraged mob to lynch. The ideology of pure was used to subsidize the degradation of Afro-Americans and to fuel the fire of white supremacists of the late 19th century. There is no doubt that white southern women were attracted to the Afro-American but the southern presses were deeming Afro-Americans as rapists and desperados. Southern media had a huge impact on what the rest of the country perceived Afro-Americans. In Memphis the â€Å"Daily Commercial† and the â€Å"Evening Scimitar† newspapers would claim that that Afro-Americans would prey on a white southerners family at night waiting for an opportunity (Wells, Southern Horrors, pg13). Memphis media would use this propaganda to justify the lynching of Afro-Americans even though there was no outcry of rape by the white women in the Memphis area. Rape was one the most common conviction against Afro-American men. The Memphis newspapers are claiming Afro-Americans are preying on innocent white women and therefore Afro-Americans deserve to be lynched. There are also cases of Afro-American girls being mistreated by white men and these white men do not receive nearly as harsh punishment as the Afro-American man does. These are situations where the white male is completely guilty with evidence to back it. Where as with Afro-American men they are accused of rape without any evidence to back the claim and are still convicted. â€Å"In Nashville, Tenn., there is a white man, Pat Hanifan, who outraged a little Afro-American girl, and, from the physical injuries received, she has been ruined for life. He was jailed for six months, discharged, and is now a detective in that cit y†(Wells, Southern Horror, pg10). There is an obvious trend, white southern men were doing what they want and southern Afro-American men were suffering from social inequality. In the year 1892 there were alleged 28 Afro-Americans that were lynched in Tennessee alone. In the same year there were a total of 241 Afro-Americans lynched in America but mainly in the southern states. White supremacy saw the Afro-Americans as an economic threat and a threat against white women. The threat against white women was not in any physical way rather it was a threat against their purity. It was obvious that white southern women were attracted to southern Afro-American men and vice versa. It was the ideology of pure that white supremacists used against Afro-American men because they believed that Afro-American men were impure and the white woman was pure. They used extra-legal laws for selfish use. White supremacists were afraid of losing power over Afro-Americans and they were willing to do anything to maintain their power that they once had.

Into the Wild: Searching :: Into the Wild Essays

Into the Wild:   Searching  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Chris McCandless, the main character of Into the Wild, is searching for his true self.   His numerous tests of both his physical and mental abilities are proof of his determination.   He felt affected in his families presence so went on a road trip.   He was criticized by many for this, but who could stop him from discovering who he is.   It is clear from the novel that Chris’ relationship with his parents is not good.   He refuses gifts from them and then disappears.   He had instructed his family that he was not interested in giving or receiving gifts.   When his father offered to buy him a new car he became enraged.   He had a car and couldn’t understand why his father would buy him a new one.   Chris took the money that his family had left him for college and donated it to Oxfam which gives food to the hungry.   This is ironic because Chris eventually died from starvation.   Many people criticize McCandless for not keeping in touch with his par ents and family.   Chris was 22 years old.   He did not have to tell his parents anything.   He was doing what he wanted, not what other people wanted him to do and he was happy.   They call him selfish for disregarding his parents’ feelings.   McCandless was living his life for himself.   He wanted to be happy and it happened to upset his parents.   Wanting your own happiness is not selfish it is your right.   I don’t think that McCandless was trying to upset his family, he was just trying to make himself happy by doing what he wanted to do. One of the reasons that I believe McCandless did not keep in contact with his parents while he kept in touch with those he met along the way is because he was afraid of disapproval.   His parents had never been to find of his â€Å"adventures† so he didn’t want to hear them voice their disapproval.   The people he met along the way may not have approved of his travels but they weren’t going to tell him not to do it.   McCandless needed these people.   He needed approval, because in his mind that gave him the ok to go ahead.

Alternative Medicine Essay -- Doctors Treatment Illness Papers

Alternative Medicine Although "Alternative" or "Complementary" medicine has been kept on the fringes of the medical sciences in the past, it is becoming increasingly more popular, and more reputable. Alternative medicines are those medical systems which are not taught to or practiced by most conventional medical doctors. Alternative medicines seemingly have always existed, changing and conforming to the current climate of society. There seems to be an almost endless number of alternative medicines, each with their own method of gaining perfect health. Often people who are dissatisfied with conventional medicine turn to alternative medicine for their medical needs. Many similarities link the diverse extremities of alternative medicine. These links define alternative medicine, but also help explain why they remain so controversial. They are characterized by a lack of unbiased, scientific testing, the belief in a vital force that cannot be explained scientifically, and a lack of strict regulation ensuring c ompetency and consistency among practitioners. Although these similarities exist a distinct separation must also be made between two types of alternative medical systems. The first type includes those that have "strong intellectual foundations and time tested methods of maintaining health and curing diseases" (Micozzi A48). These have established training and practice procedures and large numbers of practitioners and patients. Micozzi includes homeopathy, herbal treatment, chiropractic medicine, traditional osteopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture) in this first type of alternative medical systems. These are contrasted with what he refers to as "magic bullet" treatments which are usually for a specific dise... ...ailable: http//www.doubleclickd.com/theramessage.html [1996, Nov. 16]. Langone, John. "Challenging the Mainstream." Time. 148.14, 40-44, Fall, 1996. Magner, George. Chiropractic: The Victim's Perspective. Prometheus Books. Amhearst, New York: 1995. Marwick, Charles. "Time for New Head, New Approach at OAM." JAMA. 272.23, 1806-8, Dec 21, 1994. Micozzi, Marc S. "The need to Teach Alternative Medicine." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 42.9, A48, Aug. 16, 1996. Miller, James. "Critical Thinking of the Treating of Diseases: How to Avoid Quackery." Lecture Notes. The National Center for Homeopathy. (No date). Homeopathy: Natural Medicine for the 21st Century [Online]. Available: http://www.healthy.net/pan/pa/homepathic/natcenhom/ [1996, Nov. 16]. Young, James Harvey. American Health Quackery. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey: 1992. Alternative Medicine Essay -- Doctors Treatment Illness Papers Alternative Medicine Although "Alternative" or "Complementary" medicine has been kept on the fringes of the medical sciences in the past, it is becoming increasingly more popular, and more reputable. Alternative medicines are those medical systems which are not taught to or practiced by most conventional medical doctors. Alternative medicines seemingly have always existed, changing and conforming to the current climate of society. There seems to be an almost endless number of alternative medicines, each with their own method of gaining perfect health. Often people who are dissatisfied with conventional medicine turn to alternative medicine for their medical needs. Many similarities link the diverse extremities of alternative medicine. These links define alternative medicine, but also help explain why they remain so controversial. They are characterized by a lack of unbiased, scientific testing, the belief in a vital force that cannot be explained scientifically, and a lack of strict regulation ensuring c ompetency and consistency among practitioners. Although these similarities exist a distinct separation must also be made between two types of alternative medical systems. The first type includes those that have "strong intellectual foundations and time tested methods of maintaining health and curing diseases" (Micozzi A48). These have established training and practice procedures and large numbers of practitioners and patients. Micozzi includes homeopathy, herbal treatment, chiropractic medicine, traditional osteopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine (acupuncture) in this first type of alternative medical systems. These are contrasted with what he refers to as "magic bullet" treatments which are usually for a specific dise... ...ailable: http//www.doubleclickd.com/theramessage.html [1996, Nov. 16]. Langone, John. "Challenging the Mainstream." Time. 148.14, 40-44, Fall, 1996. Magner, George. Chiropractic: The Victim's Perspective. Prometheus Books. Amhearst, New York: 1995. Marwick, Charles. "Time for New Head, New Approach at OAM." JAMA. 272.23, 1806-8, Dec 21, 1994. Micozzi, Marc S. "The need to Teach Alternative Medicine." The Chronicle of Higher Education. 42.9, A48, Aug. 16, 1996. Miller, James. "Critical Thinking of the Treating of Diseases: How to Avoid Quackery." Lecture Notes. The National Center for Homeopathy. (No date). Homeopathy: Natural Medicine for the 21st Century [Online]. Available: http://www.healthy.net/pan/pa/homepathic/natcenhom/ [1996, Nov. 16]. Young, James Harvey. American Health Quackery. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey: 1992.

Group Analysis of Two Poems Sharing the Same Topic Essay

Group Analysis of Two Poems Sharing the Same Topic: Cockroaches Morley in his poem â€Å"Nursery Rhymes for the Tenderhearted† and Wild in his poem entitled â€Å"Roaches† constitute two distinct tones through their use of imagery and perspective. Morley’s tone toward roaches is whimsical while Wild’s attitude is bleak. Morley lighthearted entertaining poem is more to depict his own personal fear of the cockroaches, which is an example of his own perspective. Wild’s message is the opposite, he forces the fear upon the reader, he causes the reader to be scared with the imagery that he uses. In the first poem Morley takes a whimsical look at the common kitchen cockroach through images of its leaving behind evidence on its nightly visits, using words and phrases that give the reader an almost benevolent picture of what most people detest. The speaker addresses the roach directly, personifying it. The images are of the roach snacking and playing in the kitchen: â€Å"reclining on the cheese,† â€Å"browsing among the tea leaves,† â€Å"trekking on the biscuits,† â€Å"drowsing in the sugar bowl,†. Just how any normal person would encounter a cockroach, Morley depicts the poem as if it were his own encounter. One can tell that the speaker/Morley doesn’t have such a gruesome perspective towards the cockroaches. Wild’s viewpoint of roaches contradicts Morley’s by validating the cockroach’s misaligned reputation through dark diction and nightmarish images, making the reader uncomfortably aware of its eeriness. Unlike Morley’s friendly roach who raids the kitchen at night, Wild’s creepy roaches take possession of human beings invading their bodies. This roach, as opposed to Morley’s, is eating disgusting gunk in the bathroom that no person would ever consider to be a meal, something so noxious. Look more:  first poem for you kim addonizio analysis essay The roaches begin to take over his body, †nibbling his toes,† â€Å"probing in his veins,† and â€Å"scrambling up his throat† in the same way that roaches take over the sewers in the dark of night â€Å"crouched like lions in the ledges of sewers† â€Å"black eyes in the darkness†. Wild places the roaches in a position that makes the reader squeamish and uneasy, he makes you build up this picture in your head that not that these creatures are only two inches long but that they are some type of demon. Wild leaves this image on a reader that sets the tone to be terrifying, as if when you were to stumble upon a cockroach in the restroom, you basically walked into your own death sentence. While Morley paints this pretty picture that they are nothing but harmless creatures, and misunderstood.

Chaucer’s “The Miller’s Tale” as a Parody of Courtly Love Essay

A woman is a creature to be treated like an angel of God. She is beautiful, honorable, and chaste. The sanctity of a woman is not only worth fighting for, it is worth dying for. Her glove on plate mail is a harmonious battle cry, a motivation both formidable and divine. Always painfully proper and never morally compromised, she is the embodiment of righteousness. I shall love her from afar, as she will love me back. Never will our love come to physical fruition; it is more holy than that. Her, as well as my, marriage is beneath our love, our love of admiration and complete devotion. She will swoon for me as I shall fight for her, and our spirits are forever intertwined. Physical love and lusty temptation are too worldly for us. These would be the thoughts of any proper knight toward his lady. â€Å"The Miller’s Tale† is a satire of courtly love and its actuality in times contemporary the setting of The Canterbury Tales. The characters Alison, Absalon, and Nicholas are exacerbated examples of the degradation of courtly love that happened in medieval times, a direct result of man’s inclination to indulge in earthly pleasure. Alison does shame to the notion of courtly love. She personifies deceit, infidelity, and moral perversion. Toward the object of what must be her courtly love, as she was married before ever encountering him, she extends promise of physical engagement so far as to the point of sex. She deceives her husband so that she can philander with John, who she should be the object of her worship, not her lust. She is the complete opposite of the morally upright woman she should, and her â€Å"courtly† love for John is little more than indulgence in sin. Also, in her dealings with her other pursuer Absalon, â€Å"she looked upon him as her private ape.† As a lady she should have been proper and at least civil in her dealings with him, yet she treated him like a puppet. She had no care for his emotion or his well being. When Absalon asked for a kiss from her, instead of persisting that he treat her as a lady and love her from afar, she had him kiss her rear. A lady should never act in such a manner. Her actions are so perverse that by her traits one would think her one and the same as the miller telling this story. Absalon, unrequited lover of Alison, is not free of sin himself. He too does  shame to the idea of courtly love. Rather than love her in a holy, worshipping manner, he chases her pruriently, â€Å"if she had been a mouse and he a cat, she’d have been pounced upon.† If he had been pure and morally strong, he would have loved her like a knight, chastely, without any physical desire. Nicholas, like Absalon, loves his lady hotly rather than worshipfully. If Nicholas had been a true man, he would have loved her as an angel, his lady on high. Her beauty should have been his strength, but it was his passion. He carried on an affair with the wife of his landlord, the woman who should have been his object of Christian affection. Instead of wearing a piece of her clothing as a reminder to do right, he â€Å"stroked her loins a bit and kissed her sweetly.† Chaucer’s intention for creating such morally deranged characters is to illustrate the degree to which courtly love had become just a synonym for physical lust. The reason for this tale is to show that extramarital affairs are only an engagement in immorality, especially if the affair be under the guise of holy love. As men, Absalon and Nicholas should have loved Alison with the love of highest admiration, and she should have loved them the same way. Rather than love each other in the right fashion, they succumbed to physical temptation, and thus were morally devoid characters. A woman is an angel, not an object of lust.

Fashion in the 1920s

Women's Fashion In The sass After the end of World War l, the United States president, Warren G. Harding, claimed that he wanted to return to normalcy and to bring back the peace following the years of war; society did change, but it was no where near what it had been before the war (Margarita 14). â€Å"The reactionary temper of the sass and the repressive movements it spawned arose as reactions to a much-publicized social and intellectual revolution that threatened to rip America from it old moorings† (Tindal 800). During this time, the 18th Amendment was passed in order to maintain society's previous morals and tankards.Many Americans saw the consumption of alcohol as a sin and did not want their society to lose their morals (Margarita 8). Shortly after its passage, the 19th Amendment was passed allowing women the right to vote; instead of having a passive role in society, women were beginning to be more proactive. The appearance of woman in society did not stop work place; instead, because of prohibition and the popularity of speakeasies, women were welcomed and populated such venues. Tuxedoed men accompanied women wearing the latest fashions filled the latest clubs (Margarita 27).Traditionally, 1920 was seen as marking a clear divide in the chronology of women's affairs: the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the vote ended years of struggle, and with the ‘liberation' of the war, which destroyed old stereotypes, led on to the ‘New Woman' of the sass† (Wynn 133). World War I was the turning point from traditional values to a newly enlightened America, a rebellious youth, and newly freed women; as art reflects society, the emancipation and celebration following the war is reflected in the style and fashion that came alive in this new era.Beautiful coordinated and accessories outfits were a feature of sass's ladies fashion, [which consisted of] hats, shoes, stockings, handbags, dresses and Jewelry [that] all came togethe r in perfect harmony to create a unique and elegant style† (Scott). This style portrayed the times as Americans began to stray from the past and the old American ways. â€Å"During those years a cosmopolitan urban America confronted an insular, rural America† leading to the development of urban cities (Tindal 800).In these populated cities, people began to let loose as â€Å"Prohibition indirectly led to bootlegging and speakeasies, while the rowing rebelliousness of teenagers highlighted the generation gap† (Drowned back cover). Participation in these illegal venues had been unheard of in the previous decades, but these changing times encouraged the promotion of such activities and these environments called for a certain style and fashion. â€Å"The Twenties did roar, and this volume shows the many colorful ways the decade altered America, its people, and its future† (Drowned back cover). This ‘new woman' [that arose] eagerly discarded the constrain ing fashions of the nineteenth century – pinched-in corsets, conforming petticoats, and floor-length dresses† (Tindal 801). As the times were changing, their fashion changed in order to reflect â€Å"the rebellion against prudishness and a loosening of inhibitions† (Tindal 801). These new trends shocked the old-timers as the â€Å"the revolution in manners and morals, evidenced first among young people† were represented in their clothing (Tindal 800). As women were beginning to live more freely, their style reflected the same attitude. In 1919 women's skirts were typically six inches about the ground; [but] by 1927 they were at the knee, and the flapper' was providing a shocking model of the new feminism† (Tindal 801). These omen portrayed â€Å"a period of escapism, a youthful reaction against the dark and serious clothes, behavior and mood of an older generation still clinging to old Victorian and Edwardian values† (Herald 6). They were star ting to represent the idea behind the ‘new women. ‘ During this time the girls are actually tempting the boys more than the boys do the girls, by their dress and conversation† straying away from old traditions (Tindal 801).They began â€Å"a move[meet] toward breaking down national boundaries in everything from finance to style – [which] was a theme that ran through the decade† (Herald 6). Women's fashion reflected the change in attitude evident following the war. Fashion followed the new needs of the wearers and the more rebellious consumers in urban American society. â€Å"The passing of bustles and corsets gave clothing designers much greater freedom of expression resulting in innovative styling† (Scott). This permitted the newly reformed lifestyle and attitude to be expressed in women's clothing.In came â€Å"the new and colorful fabrics [that] echoed the Joy felt by a war weary population following the end of hostilities† as well as the â€Å"slim, streamlined look of the twentieth century,† which represented â€Å"youth, ability, and a freer form of sexual expression† (Scott; Blackjacks 133). Women now had the freedom to express themselves and not worry about the opinion of the public. They no longer had to be concerned with their modesty as the ideals began to yield â€Å"to modern sensibilities,† they began to expose their limbs and a â€Å"tight encasement of the[IR] torso† (Blackjacks 133).Society demand brought the new style as they insisted â€Å"that clothes be appropriate for the time of day, the activity, or the formality of the occasion†¦ The higher someone's rank, [depicted the amount of] clothes they needed to meet society demands† (Herald 11). In addition, fashion made improvements towards practical clothing as â€Å"women's underwear changed . With corsets becoming smaller and more flexible, and modern style bras being introduced†¦ [providing] shape and support whereas the older style tended to flatten breasts and constrict the chest† (Scott).Another practical need emerged with the growing popularity of the speakeasies. Women were welcome and where the women are, the men will be and the women were flocking these clubs and actively dancing the night away. â€Å"Flappers, as the trendy young women were called in the U. S. Wore short dresses with a straight loose silhouette. By 1927 seams had risen to Just below the knee, so that part of the knee could be seen when dancing the Charleston† (Scott). â€Å"Flapper fashion featured bobbed hair, minimal undergarments, gauzy fabrics, and sheer stockings† so that they could be free to move while dancing (Tindal 801). Although the sass did abound with flappers and would be flappers, the decade also hosted†¦ Women asserting new power† (Coot 413). And while the flappers' new needs were sought out, fashion also created new opportunities in the workforce for Hes s brave and powerful women. Along with the 19th amendment allowing women's voice and freedom, fashion opened up new Job opportunities that were available to women. â€Å"Women were beginning to enter male-dominated profession, where male clerks were generally being replaced by women typists and secretaries† (Herald 11).The â€Å"office girls needed a whole new wardrobe of smart day wear [as they began working] with new-fangled machines† (Herald 11). These Jobs of â€Å"dressmaking and millinery courses in particular were embraced by women who wanted the new fashions but couldn't afford the retail prices† (Scott). Some women moved into new vocations created by the burgeoning consumer culture such as accounting assistants and departments store clerks† (Tindal 802). â€Å"All the big department stores had mail-order catalogs where you could order clothes for men, women, and children† and have them delivered (Scott).This meant country people had easy ac cess to city fashions for the first time† (Scott). Others were looking to create full part-time Jobs for themselves† (Scott). They also wanted to â€Å"support their fatherless families or to earn extra income to spend on the new luxuries. Working omen also embraced the relatively inexpensive ready-made clothes a mass production of contemporary clothing became common. † (Scott). As the times began to change, the clothes and their designers followed suit.Style and design of fashion changed as women's clothing became â€Å"lighter (due to less material and new synthetic fabrics) and brighter and shorter that ever before† (Scott). Fashion designers experimented with colors, patterns, and fabrics for textures. Evening dresses, coats and Jackets were often trimmed with fur. Hemlines rose for most of the decade† (Scott). One of the influential designers of the decade was Hattie Carnegie, known for her â€Å"personal taste and fashion sense, [which] influen ced the styles worn by countless American women† (Shaw). She sought to â€Å"interpret European style for American consumers† and her style was welcomed as it had â€Å"a guarantee of sophistication and propriety' (Shaw). Carnegie had â€Å"an approach to fashion that emphasized consummate polish in every outfit† (Shaw). Eventually she â€Å"made her name synonymous with American high fashion for almost half a century' (Shaw). â€Å"The Carnegie customer, whatever her age, seems to have been neither girlish nor attorney, but possessed of a certain decorousness† portraying the turn in attitude as well as fashion (Shaw).As the event of changing style, different fabrics were introduced changing the shape, feel, and mood of fashion. â€Å"The sass opened with an explosion of color† as the education of fabric became known and lines were becoming more demonstrated through out the style (Herald 6). Hattie Carnegie â€Å"often stressed the importance of black as a wardrobe basic for both day and evening† (Shaw). The color blue was known as â€Å"a standard color for woman's dress† in the sass's (Scott). Fashion designers used color to portray different emotions.Colors such as green were notorious for being â€Å"very restful to the eye [as] light orange is too bright to be used freely' (Scott). Later the â€Å"Barberry Company introduced its trademark red/camel/black-and-white check in the twenties as a lining for the trench coat† that is still popular today (Herald 6). As women were beginning to understand the use of the textiles, they began to see their â€Å"possibilities and make the most of them† (Scott). Fashion helped the women express their individuality as their role of the ‘new woman' was taking form.The transformation in American culture and society would not have been possible without World War l. Whether it was the celebrations for the end of the war or the results of 18th and 19th Ame ndments, society transformed from traditional values to new, enlightened customs. The celebrations, speakeasies, and superfluous lifestyles demented change and woman paved the way with fashion. Not only did women's fashion change, the new ‘modern women' was born. During this era known as the ‘Roaring Twenties' women were given the right to vote and more importantly, the right to live more freely throughout society. Fashion in the 1920s â€Å"Fashion is one of the greatest forces in present-day life. It pervades every field and reaches every class†¦. It has always been a factor in human life but never more forceful, never more influential and never wider in scope than in the last decade, and it gives every indication of growing still more important. † So with everything in mind, we can really agree with him when he said that it was more than an expression of individual taste; it was instead a statement of group membership, of involvement in the currents of one's time. â€Å"To be out of fashion,† he wrote, â€Å"is, indeed, to be out of the world.During the decade technology vastly improved which helped spread the word about what people were wearing and driving and how they were decorating their homes or designing their public buildings. Improved communication meant that a large proportion of the general population was exposed to the latest fashion trends and responded, positively or negatively, to them. During the sass the most distinctive clothing styles originated in Europe: in France for women's attire and in England for men's. Coco Channel was one of the first women designers to adopt the new era of clothing, which meant that she adopted a more boyish look.She replaced the corset with lighter clothing that wasn't so restrictive. Throughout the years dresses kept getting shorter and the backs lower. â€Å"By 1925 dresses were the shortest in history – an act of the devil, some thought. † Many people were so outraged that they passed laws in the states of Ohio and Utah that the hem length of ladies gowns had to be seven inches from the floor but these responses from mature adults simply increased young women's fondness for their short skirts and cosmetics. After all, what fun is it to rebel if nobody notices or cares? But what are some major reasons for this changes in women fashion?The first one is that after the war women continued to work outside their h ome, so the clothes had to be altered to allow for an ease of movement. Also with the lack of men due to the war, women began wearing more alluring clothing to attract a husband. The ratification of the 19th Amendment also played a major role as women soon began wearing loose pantsuits called ‘pajama suits', a direct result of the newly gained right to vote and the strong cries for further female empowerment. Probably, one of the first images that pops into your head when you hear the word sass fashion is the Flapper which is the symbol of the oaring twenties.It embodied the decades modern fashion elements such as short sleek hair, a short shapeless dress, a flat chest, and exposed limbs. Flappers also had a reputation that added to their style as well; they smoked from long cigarette holders, applied makeup in public and danced to Jazz with reckless abandonment of propriety. Men of this time wore suits, day suits, formal suits, all different kinds of suits. Along with their s uits, they wore a hat according to their class in society: the upper class wore top hats, middle class wore a fedora, and the working class wore a flat cap or no cap at all.To complete their ensemble they wore black patent leather shoes or saddle shoes. As well as the classic suit, flannel, twill, knickerbockers, and sweaters were a more commonly seen casual wear among men of all ages, Then around 1925 â€Å"Oxford bags† were introduced to the public, after being worn as a kind of uniform for Oxford University students. This style grew and grew and before you knew all the young men were wearing them. As the decade progressed, the automobile increasingly became another definer of status and social class in America, both for young people and their parent's. Henry Ford's Model T, which dominated the U. S. Rake until it went out of production in 1927, gave middle-class and even lower-middle-class citizens affordable, reliable transportation. The quintessential expression of Ameri can energy and optimism in the sass was the skyscraper, the great tower that aspired toward heaven and dominated the earth (rather, the urban streets) below. Throughout the sass, then, a concern for fashion, for style as a social and cultural delineated, flourished. Fashion developments in attire, in architecture, and in automobiles helped to define the decade and these developments proved more pervasive and more influential than they had ever been in the past. Fashion in the 1920s Women's Fashion In The sass After the end of World War l, the United States president, Warren G. Harding, claimed that he wanted to return to normalcy and to bring back the peace following the years of war; society did change, but it was no where near what it had been before the war (Margarita 14). â€Å"The reactionary temper of the sass and the repressive movements it spawned arose as reactions to a much-publicized social and intellectual revolution that threatened to rip America from it old moorings† (Tindal 800). During this time, the 18th Amendment was passed in order to maintain society's previous morals and tankards.Many Americans saw the consumption of alcohol as a sin and did not want their society to lose their morals (Margarita 8). Shortly after its passage, the 19th Amendment was passed allowing women the right to vote; instead of having a passive role in society, women were beginning to be more proactive. The appearance of woman in society did not stop work place; instead, because of prohibition and the popularity of speakeasies, women were welcomed and populated such venues. Tuxedoed men accompanied women wearing the latest fashions filled the latest clubs (Margarita 27).Traditionally, 1920 was seen as marking a clear divide in the chronology of women's affairs: the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the vote ended years of struggle, and with the ‘liberation' of the war, which destroyed old stereotypes, led on to the ‘New Woman' of the sass† (Wynn 133). World War I was the turning point from traditional values to a newly enlightened America, a rebellious youth, and newly freed women; as art reflects society, the emancipation and celebration following the war is reflected in the style and fashion that came alive in this new era.Beautiful coordinated and accessories outfits were a feature of sass's ladies fashion, [which consisted of] hats, shoes, stockings, handbags, dresses and Jewelry [that] all came togethe r in perfect harmony to create a unique and elegant style† (Scott). This style portrayed the times as Americans began to stray from the past and the old American ways. â€Å"During those years a cosmopolitan urban America confronted an insular, rural America† leading to the development of urban cities (Tindal 800).In these populated cities, people began to let loose as â€Å"Prohibition indirectly led to bootlegging and speakeasies, while the rowing rebelliousness of teenagers highlighted the generation gap† (Drowned back cover). Participation in these illegal venues had been unheard of in the previous decades, but these changing times encouraged the promotion of such activities and these environments called for a certain style and fashion. â€Å"The Twenties did roar, and this volume shows the many colorful ways the decade altered America, its people, and its future† (Drowned back cover). This ‘new woman' [that arose] eagerly discarded the constrain ing fashions of the nineteenth century – pinched-in corsets, conforming petticoats, and floor-length dresses† (Tindal 801). As the times were changing, their fashion changed in order to reflect â€Å"the rebellion against prudishness and a loosening of inhibitions† (Tindal 801). These new trends shocked the old-timers as the â€Å"the revolution in manners and morals, evidenced first among young people† were represented in their clothing (Tindal 800). As women were beginning to live more freely, their style reflected the same attitude. In 1919 women's skirts were typically six inches about the ground; [but] by 1927 they were at the knee, and the flapper' was providing a shocking model of the new feminism† (Tindal 801). These omen portrayed â€Å"a period of escapism, a youthful reaction against the dark and serious clothes, behavior and mood of an older generation still clinging to old Victorian and Edwardian values† (Herald 6). They were star ting to represent the idea behind the ‘new women. ‘ During this time the girls are actually tempting the boys more than the boys do the girls, by their dress and conversation† straying away from old traditions (Tindal 801).They began â€Å"a move[meet] toward breaking down national boundaries in everything from finance to style – [which] was a theme that ran through the decade† (Herald 6). Women's fashion reflected the change in attitude evident following the war. Fashion followed the new needs of the wearers and the more rebellious consumers in urban American society. â€Å"The passing of bustles and corsets gave clothing designers much greater freedom of expression resulting in innovative styling† (Scott). This permitted the newly reformed lifestyle and attitude to be expressed in women's clothing.In came â€Å"the new and colorful fabrics [that] echoed the Joy felt by a war weary population following the end of hostilities† as well as the â€Å"slim, streamlined look of the twentieth century,† which represented â€Å"youth, ability, and a freer form of sexual expression† (Scott; Blackjacks 133). Women now had the freedom to express themselves and not worry about the opinion of the public. They no longer had to be concerned with their modesty as the ideals began to yield â€Å"to modern sensibilities,† they began to expose their limbs and a â€Å"tight encasement of the[IR] torso† (Blackjacks 133).Society demand brought the new style as they insisted â€Å"that clothes be appropriate for the time of day, the activity, or the formality of the occasion†¦ The higher someone's rank, [depicted the amount of] clothes they needed to meet society demands† (Herald 11). In addition, fashion made improvements towards practical clothing as â€Å"women's underwear changed . With corsets becoming smaller and more flexible, and modern style bras being introduced†¦ [providing] shape and support whereas the older style tended to flatten breasts and constrict the chest† (Scott).Another practical need emerged with the growing popularity of the speakeasies. Women were welcome and where the women are, the men will be and the women were flocking these clubs and actively dancing the night away. â€Å"Flappers, as the trendy young women were called in the U. S. Wore short dresses with a straight loose silhouette. By 1927 seams had risen to Just below the knee, so that part of the knee could be seen when dancing the Charleston† (Scott). â€Å"Flapper fashion featured bobbed hair, minimal undergarments, gauzy fabrics, and sheer stockings† so that they could be free to move while dancing (Tindal 801). Although the sass did abound with flappers and would be flappers, the decade also hosted†¦ Women asserting new power† (Coot 413). And while the flappers' new needs were sought out, fashion also created new opportunities in the workforce for Hes s brave and powerful women. Along with the 19th amendment allowing women's voice and freedom, fashion opened up new Job opportunities that were available to women. â€Å"Women were beginning to enter male-dominated profession, where male clerks were generally being replaced by women typists and secretaries† (Herald 11).The â€Å"office girls needed a whole new wardrobe of smart day wear [as they began working] with new-fangled machines† (Herald 11). These Jobs of â€Å"dressmaking and millinery courses in particular were embraced by women who wanted the new fashions but couldn't afford the retail prices† (Scott). Some women moved into new vocations created by the burgeoning consumer culture such as accounting assistants and departments store clerks† (Tindal 802). â€Å"All the big department stores had mail-order catalogs where you could order clothes for men, women, and children† and have them delivered (Scott).This meant country people had easy ac cess to city fashions for the first time† (Scott). Others were looking to create full part-time Jobs for themselves† (Scott). They also wanted to â€Å"support their fatherless families or to earn extra income to spend on the new luxuries. Working omen also embraced the relatively inexpensive ready-made clothes a mass production of contemporary clothing became common. † (Scott). As the times began to change, the clothes and their designers followed suit.Style and design of fashion changed as women's clothing became â€Å"lighter (due to less material and new synthetic fabrics) and brighter and shorter that ever before† (Scott). Fashion designers experimented with colors, patterns, and fabrics for textures. Evening dresses, coats and Jackets were often trimmed with fur. Hemlines rose for most of the decade† (Scott). One of the influential designers of the decade was Hattie Carnegie, known for her â€Å"personal taste and fashion sense, [which] influen ced the styles worn by countless American women† (Shaw). She sought to â€Å"interpret European style for American consumers† and her style was welcomed as it had â€Å"a guarantee of sophistication and propriety' (Shaw). Carnegie had â€Å"an approach to fashion that emphasized consummate polish in every outfit† (Shaw). Eventually she â€Å"made her name synonymous with American high fashion for almost half a century' (Shaw). â€Å"The Carnegie customer, whatever her age, seems to have been neither girlish nor attorney, but possessed of a certain decorousness† portraying the turn in attitude as well as fashion (Shaw).As the event of changing style, different fabrics were introduced changing the shape, feel, and mood of fashion. â€Å"The sass opened with an explosion of color† as the education of fabric became known and lines were becoming more demonstrated through out the style (Herald 6). Hattie Carnegie â€Å"often stressed the importance of black as a wardrobe basic for both day and evening† (Shaw). The color blue was known as â€Å"a standard color for woman's dress† in the sass's (Scott). Fashion designers used color to portray different emotions.Colors such as green were notorious for being â€Å"very restful to the eye [as] light orange is too bright to be used freely' (Scott). Later the â€Å"Barberry Company introduced its trademark red/camel/black-and-white check in the twenties as a lining for the trench coat† that is still popular today (Herald 6). As women were beginning to understand the use of the textiles, they began to see their â€Å"possibilities and make the most of them† (Scott). Fashion helped the women express their individuality as their role of the ‘new woman' was taking form.The transformation in American culture and society would not have been possible without World War l. Whether it was the celebrations for the end of the war or the results of 18th and 19th Ame ndments, society transformed from traditional values to new, enlightened customs. The celebrations, speakeasies, and superfluous lifestyles demented change and woman paved the way with fashion. Not only did women's fashion change, the new ‘modern women' was born. During this era known as the ‘Roaring Twenties' women were given the right to vote and more importantly, the right to live more freely throughout society.